Identify common risk factors and causes such as aging, neurological disorders, medications, and comorbidities, to help address reversible contributors.

Recognize the impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life, including psychological distress and social isolation, to ensure holistic patient care.

Perform a comprehensive clinical assessment including detailed history, bladder diary, and physical examination to support early and accurate diagnosis.

Apply appropriate investigations such as urinalysis and post-void residual volume measurement to rule out underlying pathology.

Understand the role of non-pharmacological management strategies such as bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, and lifestyle modifications as first-line therapy.

Describe pharmacological treatment options, including antimuscarinics and beta-3 agonists, with attention to safety and tolerability in elderly patients.

Recognize when referral or advanced interventions such as catheterization or surgical management are required to prevent complications and improve outcomes.