Learning Objectives and Clinical Implications
- Understand the virology and pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, including its impact on CD4+ T cells and immune suppression.
- Identify the modes of transmission and risk factors to guide effective prevention strategies and patient counseling.
- Recognize the clinical stages of HIV infection and associated opportunistic infections.
- Interpret key diagnostic tests (HIV antigen/antibody tests, viral load, CD4 count) for accurate diagnosis and monitoring.
- Understand the principles and regimens of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and their role in viral suppression.
- Emphasize the importance of early initiation and adherence to ART to improve survival and reduce transmission (U=U concept).
- Identify and manage opportunistic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumocystis pneumonia) in immunocompromised patients.
- Apply preventive strategies such as screening, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and maternal-child transmission prevention in clinical practice.